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<td>
<h1><big><font color="#3c34ec"><i>NuttShell (NSH)</i></font></big></h1>
<p>Last Updated: March 7, 2011</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr><hr>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<center><table width ="80%">
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<td>
<table>
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<td valign="top" width="22"><img height="20" width="20" src="favicon.ico"></td>
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<td>
<a href="#overview">1.0 Overview</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#frontend">1.1 Console/NSH Front End</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdoverview">1.2 Command Overview</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#conditional">1.3 Conditional Command Execution</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#builtinvars">1.4 Built-In Variables</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#currentwd">1.5 Current Working Directory</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#environvars">1.6 Environment Variables</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#startupscript">1.7 NSH Start-Up Script</a>
</td>
</tr>
<td valign="top" width="22"><img height="20" width="20" src="favicon.ico"></td>
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<td>
<a href="#commands">2.0 Commands</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdtest">2.1 Evaluate Expression (test)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdcat">2.2 Concatenate Files (cat)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdcd">2.3 Change Current Working Directory (cd)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdcp">2.4 Copy Files (cp)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdecho">2.6 Echo Strings and Variables (echo)</a>
<a href="#cmdfree">2.9 Show Memory Manager Status (free)</a>
<a href="#cmdget">2.10 Get File Via TFTP (get)</a>
<a href="#cmdhelp">2.11 Show Usage Command Usage (help)</a>
<a href="#cmdifconfig">2.12 Show Network Configuration (ifconfig)</a>
<a href="#cmdkill">2.13 Send a signal to a task (kill)</a>
<a href="#cmdlosetup">2.14 Setup/teardown the Loop Device (losetup)</a>
<a href="#cmdls">2.15 List Directory Contents (ls)</a>
<a href="#cmdmbhw">2.16 Access Memory (mb, mh, and mw)</a>
<a href="#cmdps">2.17 Show Current Tasks and Threads (ps)</a>
<a href="#cmdmkdir">2.18 Create a Directory (mkdir)</a>
<a href="#cmdmkfatfs">2.19 Create a FAT Filesystem (mkfatfs)</a>
<a href="#cmdmount">2.22 Mount a File System (mount)</a>
<a href="#cmdpwd">2.25 Show Current Working Directory (pwd)</a>
<a href="#cmdrmdir">2.27 Remove a Directory (rmdir)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdset">2.28 Set an Environment Variable (set)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdunmount">2.31 Unmount a File System (umount)</a>
<a href="#cmdunset">2.32 Unset an Environment Variable (unset)</a>
<a href="#cmdusleep">2.33 Wait for Microseconds (usleep)</a>
<a href="#cmdwget">2.34 Get File Via HTTP (wget)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmdxd">2.35 Hexadecimal Dump (xd)</a>
<td valign="top" width="22"><img height="20" width="20" src="favicon.ico"></td>
<td>
<a href="#configuration">3.0 Configuration Settings</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#cmddependencies">3.1 Command Dependencies on Configuration Settings</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br></td>
<td>
<a href="#nshconfiguration">3.2 NSH-Specific Configuration Settings</a>
</td>
</tr>
<td valign="top" width="22"><img height="20" width="20" src="favicon.ico"></td>
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</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="overview"><h1>1.0 Overview</h1></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
The <code>examples/nsh</code> sub-directory contains the NuttShell (NSH).
NSH is a simple shell application for NuttX.
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="frontend"><h2>1.1 Console/NSH Front End</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
Using settings in the configuration file, NSH may be configured to
use either the serial stdin/out or a telnet connection as the console
or BOTH. When NSH is started, you will see the following welcome on
either console:
<ul><pre>
NuttShell (NSH)
nsh>
</pre></ul>
<code>nsh></code> is the NSH prompt and indicates that you may enter a command
from the console.
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdoverview"><h2>1.2 Command Overview</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
<b>Simple, Re-directed, and Background Commands</b>.
The NuttShell (NSH) is a simple shell application.
NSH supports the following commands forms:
</p>
<ul><table>
<tr>
<td>Simple command:</td>
<td><code><cmd></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Command with re-directed output:</td>
<td><code>
<cmd> > <file><br>
<cmd> >> <file>
</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Background command:</td>
<td><code><cmd> &</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Re-directed background command:</td>
<td><code>
<cmd> > <file> &<br>
<cmd> >> <file> &
</code></td>
</tr>
</table></ul>
<p>Where:</p>
<ul><table>
<tr>
<td><code><cmd></code></td>
<td>
is any one of the simple commands listed later.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><file></code></td>
<td>
is the full or relative path to any writable object
in the filesystem name space (file or character driver).
Such objects will be referred to simply as files throughout
this document.
</td>
</tr>
</table></ul>
<p>
<b><big><code>nice</code></big>'d Background Commands</b>
NSH executes at the mid-priority (128). Backgrounded commands can
be made to execute at higher or lower priorities using <code>nice</code>:
</p>
<ul><code>
[nice [-d <niceness>>]] <cmd> [> <file>|>> <file>] [&]
</code></ul>
<p>
Where <code><niceness></code> is any value between -20 and 19 where lower
(more negative values) correspond to higher priorities.
The default niceness is 10.
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="conditional"><h2>1.3 Conditional Command Execution</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
An <code>if-then[-else]-fi</code> construct is also supported in order to
support conditional execution of commands. This works from the
command line but is primarily intended for use within NSH scripts
(see the <a href="#cmdsh"><code>sh</code></a> commnd). The syntax is as follows:
</p>
<ul><pre>
if <cmd>
then
[sequence of <cmd>]
else
[sequence of <cmd>]
fi
</pre></ul>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="builtinvars"><h2>1.4 Built-In Variables</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul><table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><b><code>$?</code></b></td>
<td>
The result of the last simple command execution.
On backgrounded commands, this variable holds only the result of spawning the background command.
</td>
</tr>
</table></ul>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="currentwd"><h2>1.5 Current Working Directory</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
<b><code>cd</code> and <code>pwd</code></b>.
All path arguments to commands may be either an absolute path or a
path relative to the current working directory. The current working
directory is set using the <a href="#cmdcd"><code>cd</code></a> command and can be queried either
by using the <a href="#cmdpwd"><code>pwd</code></a> command or by
using the <a href="#cmdecho"><code>echo</code></a> <a href="#environvars"><code>$PWD</code></a>
command.
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="environvars"><h2>1.6 Environment Variables</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
<b>Environment Variables:</b>
</p>
<ul><table>
<tr>
<td><b><code>PWD</code></b></td><td>The current working directory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>OLDPWD</code></b></td><td>The previous working directory</td>
</tr>
</table></ul>
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<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="startupscript"><h2>1.7 NSH Start-Up Scrip</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
<b>NSH Start-Up Script</b>.
NSH supports options to provide a start up script for NSH. In general
this capability is enabled with <code>CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NSH_ROMFSETC</code>, but has
several other related configuration options as described with the
<a href="#nshconfiguration">NSH-specific configuration settings</a>.
This capability also depends on:
<ul>
<li><code>CONFIG_DISABLE_MOUNTPOINT</code> not set
<li><code>CONFIG_NFILE_DESCRIPTORS</code> < 4
<li><code>CONFIG_FS_ROMFS</code> enabled
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b>Default Start-Up Behavior</b>.
The implementation that is provided is intended to provide great flexibility
for the use of Start-Up files. This paragraph will discuss the general
behavior when all of the configuration options are set to the default
values.
</p>
<p>
In this default case, enabling <code>CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NSH_ROMFSETC</code> will cause
NSH to behave as follows at NSH startup time:
<ul>
<li>
NSH will create a read-only RAM disk (a ROM disk), containing a tiny
ROMFS filesystem containing the following:
<ul><pre>
`--init.d/
`-- rcS
</pre></ul>
Where rcS is the NSH start-up script.
</li>
<li>
NSH will then mount the ROMFS filesystem at <code>/etc</code>, resulting in:
<ul><pre>
|--dev/
| `-- ram0
`--etc/
`--init.d/
`-- rcS
</pre></ul>
</li>
<li>
By default, the contents of rcS script are:
<ul><pre>
# Create a RAMDISK and mount it at XXXRDMOUNTPOUNTXXX
mkrd -m 1 -s 512 1024
mkfatfs /dev/ram1
mount -t vfat /dev/ram1 /tmp
</pre></ul>
</li>
<li>
NSH will execute the script at <code>/etc/init.d/rcS</code> at start-up (before the
first NSH prompt. After execution of the script, the root FS will look
like:
<ul><pre>
|--dev/
| |-- ram0
| `-- ram1
|--etc/
| `--init.d/
| `-- rcS
`--tmp/
</pre></ul>
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b>Modifying the ROMFS Image</b>.
The contents of the <code>/etc</code> directory are retained in the file <code>examples/nsh/nsh_romfsimg.h</code> OR, if <code>CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NSH_ARCHROMFS</code> is defined, <code>include/arch/board/rcs.template</code>).
In order to modify the start-up behavior, there are three things to study:
<ol>
<li>
<b>Configuration Options.</b>
The additional <code>CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NSH_ROMFSETC</code> configuration options
discussed with the other <a href="#nshconfiguration">NSH-specific configuration settings</a>.
</li>
<li>
<p>
<b><code>tools/mkromfsimg.sh</code> Script</b>.
The script <code>tools/mkromfsimg.sh</code> creates <code>nsh_romfsimg.h</code>.
It is not automatically executed. If you want to change the
configuration settings associated with creating and mounting
the <code>/tmp</code> directory, then it will be necessary to re-generate
this header file using the <code>tools/mkromfsimg.sh</code> script.
</p>
<p>
The behavior of this script depends upon three things:
<ul>
<li>The configuration settings then installed configuration.
<li>The <code>genromfs<code> tool (available from <a href="http://romfs.sourceforge.net">http://romfs.sourceforge.net</a>).
<li>The file <code>examples/nsh/rcS.template</code>
(OR, if <code>CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NSH_ARCHROMFS</code> is defined <code>include/arch/board/rcs.template</code>.
</ul>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<b><code>rcS.template</code></b>.
The file <code>examples/nsh/rcS.template</code> contains the general form
of the <code>rcS</code> file; configured values are plugged into this
template file to produce the final <code>rcS</code> file.
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<p>
<b>NOTE</b>:
<code>examples/nsh/rcS.template</code> generates the standard, default <code>nsh_romfsimg.h</code> file.
If <code>CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NSH_ARCHROMFS<code> is defined in the NuttX configuration file, then a custom, board-specific <code>nsh_romfsimg.h</code> file residing in <code>configs/<board>/include</code> will be used.
NOTE when the OS is configured, <code>include/arch/board</code> will be linked to <code>configs/<board>/include</code>.
</p>
<p>
All of the startup-behavior is contained in <code>rcS.template</code>. The
role of <code>mkromfsimg.sh</code> is to (1) apply the specific configuration
settings to <code>rcS.template</code> to create the final <code>rcS</code>, and (2) to
generate the header file <code>nsh_romfsimg.h</code> containg the ROMFS
file system image.
</p>
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<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="commands"><h1>2.0 Commands</h1></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdtest"><h2>2.1 Evaluate Expression (test)</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Command Syntax:</b></p>
<ul><pre>
[ <expression> ]
test <expression>
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
These are two alternative forms of the same command. They support
evaluation of a boolean expression which sets <a href="#builtinvars"><code>$?</code></a>.
This command is used most frequently as the conditional command following the
<code>if</code> in the <a href="#conditional"><code>if-then[-else]-fi</code></a> construct.
</p>
<p><b>Expression Syntax:</b></p>
<ul>
<p>
expression = simple-expression | !expression | expression -o expression | expression -a expression
</p>
<p>
simple-expression = unary-expression | binary-expression
</p>
<p>
unary-expression = string-unary | file-unary
</p>
<p>
string-unary = -n string | -z string
</p>
<p>
file-unary = -b file | -c file | -d file | -e file | -f file | -r file | -s file | -w file
</p>
<p>
binary-expression = string-binary | numeric-binary
</p>
<p>
string-binary = string = string | string == string | string != string
</p>
<p>
numeric-binary = integer -eq integer | integer -ge integer | integer -gt integer | integer -le integer |
integer -lt integer | integer -ne integer
</p>
</ul>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdcat"><h2>2.2 Concatenate Files (cat)</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul><pre>
cat <code><path></code> [<code><path></code> [<code><path></code> ...]]
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
This command copies and concatentates all of the files at <code><path></code>
to the console (or to another file if the output is redirected).
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdcd"><h2>2.3 Change Current Working Directory (cd)</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<ul><pre>
cd [<dir-path>|-|~|..]
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Changes the current working directory (<code>PWD</code>). Also sets the
previous working directory environment variable (<code>OLDPWD</code>).
<p>
<p><b>Forms:</b></p>
<ul><table>
<tr>
<td><b><code>cd <dir-path></code></b></td>
<td>sets the current working directory to <code><dir-path></code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>cd -</code></b></td>
<td>sets the current working directory to the previous
working directory ($<a href="#environvars"><code>OLDPWD</code></a>).
Equivalent to <code><a href="#cmdcd">cd</a> $<a href="#environvars">OLDPWD</a></code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>cd</code> or <b><code>cd ~</code></b></td>
<td>set the current working directory to the 'home'
directory. The <i>home</i> directory can be configured by setting
<code>CONFIG_LIB_HOMEDIR</code> in the configuration file. The default
<i>home</i> directory is <code>/</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>cd ..</code></td>
<td>sets the current working directory to the parent directory.</td>
</tr>
</table></ul>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdcp"><h2>2.4 Copy Files (cp)</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul><pre>
cp <source-path> <dest-path>
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Copy of the contents of the file at <code><source-path></code> to the location
in the filesystem indicated by <code><dest-path></code>.
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmddd"><h2>2.5 Copy and Convert Files (dd)</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul><pre>
dd if=<infile> of=<outfile> [bs=<sectsize>] [count=<sectors>] [skip=<sectors>]
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Copy blocks from <infile> to <outfile>.
<infile> or <outfile> may be the path to a standard file, a character device, or a block device.
Examples follow:
</p>
<ol>
<li>
Read from character device, write to regular file.
This will create a new file of the specified size filled with zero.
nsh> ls -l /dev
/dev:
crw-rw-rw- 0 zero
nsh> dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/zeros bs=64 count=16
nsh> ls -l /tmp
/tmp:
-rw-rw-rw- 1024 ZEROS
</pre></ul>
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</li>
<li>
Read from character device, write to block device.
This will fill the entire block device with zeros.
</li>
<ul><pre>
nsh> ls -l /dev
/dev:
brw-rw-rw- 0 ram0
crw-rw-rw- 0 zero
nsh> dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram0
</pre></ul>
</li>
<li>
Read from a block devic, write to a character device. This
will read the entire block device and dump the contents in
the bit bucket.
</li>
<ul><pre>
nsh> ls -l /dev
/dev:
crw-rw-rw- 0 null
brw-rw-rw- 0 ram0
nsh> dd if=/dev/ram0 of=/dev/null
</pre></ul>
</li>
</ol>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdecho"><h2>2.6 Echo Strings and Variables (echo)</h2></a>
<ul><pre>
echo [<string|$name> [<string|$name>...]]
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Copy the sequence of strings and expanded environment variables to
console output (or to a file if the output is re-directed).
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdexec"><h2>2.7 Execute User Code (exec)</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Command Syntax:</b></p>
<ul><pre>
exec <hex-address>
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Execute the user logic at address <code><hex-address></code>. NSH will pause
until the execution unless the user logic is executed in background
via <code><a href="#cmdexec">exec</a> <hex-address> &</code>.
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdexit"><h2>2.8 Exit NSH (exit)</h2></a>
Exit NSH. Only useful for the serial front end if you have started some other tasks (perhaps
using the <code><a href="#cmdexec">exec</a></code> command) and you would like to have NSH out of the
way. For the telnet front-end, <code>exit</code> terminates the telenet session.
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdfree"><h2>2.9 Show Memory Manager Status (free)</h2></a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Command Syntax:</b></p>
<ul><pre>
free
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Show the current state of the memory allocator. For example,
</p>
<ul><pre>
nsh> free
total used free largest
Mem: 4194288 1591552 2602736 2601584
nsh>
</pre></ul>
<p><b>Where:</b></p>
<td><b><code>total</code></b></td>
<td>This is the total size of memory allocated for use by malloc in bytes.</td>
<td><b><code>used</code></b></td>
<td>This is the total size of memory occupied by chunks handed out by malloc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>free</code></b></td>
<td>This is the total size of memory occupied by free (not in use) chunks.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>largest</code></b></td>
<td>Size of the largest free (not in use) chunk.</td>
</tr>
</table></ul>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdget"><h2>2.10 Get File Via TFTP (get)</h2></a>
get [-b|-n] [-f <local-path>] -h <ip-address> <remote-path>
Copy the file at <code><remote-address></code> from the host whose IP address is
identified by <code><ip-address></code>.
<p><b>Other options:</b></p>
<ul><table>
<tr>
<td><b><code>-f <local-path></code></b></td>
<td>
The file will be saved relative to the current working directory
unless <code><local-path></code> is provided.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>-b|-n</code></b></td>
<td>
Selects either binary ("octect") or test ("netascii") transfer
mode. Default: text.
</td>
</tr>
</table></ul>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdhelp"><h2>2.11 Show Usage Command Usage (help)</h2></a>
<ul><pre>
help
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Presents summary information about each command to console.
</p>
<table width ="100%">
<tr bgcolor="#e4e4e4">
<td>
<a name="cmdifconfig"><h2>2.12 Show Network Configuration (ifconfig)</h2></a>
<ul><pre>
ifconfig
</pre></ul>
<p>
<b>Synopsis</b>.
Show the current configuration of the network, for example:
</p>
<ul><pre>
nsh> ifconfig
eth0 HWaddr 00:18:11:80:10:06
IPaddr:10.0.0.2 DRaddr:10.0.0.1 Mask:255.255.255.0
</pre></ul>
<p>
if uIP statistics are enabled (<code>CONFIG_NET_STATISTICS</code>), then
this command will also show the detailed state of uIP.
</p>